Bahamas, 174
Bahrain, 7, 61
Balkans, 11. See also Bosnia; Yugoslavia
Bangkok Declaration, 219
Bangladesh, 85, 174
Bank for International Settlements, 59
Barbados, 96, 174
BASIC. See British American Security Information Council
Basic Agreement. See Agreement on Reconciliation, Nonagression, Exchanges, and Cooperation
BBC. See British Broadcasting Corporation
Beijing Conference on Women, 209, 217
Belarus, 72, 95, 208
Belgium, 96, 98, 174
Belgrade, 116
Belize, 174
Benin, 95, 174, 197
Berlin Wall, 3, 27
biological weapons. See weapons, biological
Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 18, 74, 76, 167
Black Sea Economic Cooperation zone, 149
Bolivia, 174
Bosnia, xiv, 3, 5, 11, 12, 20, 21, 27, 43, 48, 61, 115, 121, 131, 133, 169, 171, 178
Botha, P.W., 31
Botswana, 96, 174
Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 6, 135
Brasilia, 147
Brazil, 81, 143, 147, 172, 174, 205
British American Security Information Council (BASIC), 78, 79, 167
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 123
Brunei, 60, 174
Brussels, 213
Buenos Aires, 147
Bulgaria, 53, 95, 171, 174, 208
Burma, 174
Burundi, 4, 12, 28, 45, 116, 122, 124
Bush administration, 45, 58, 200
business community, xiii, xiv, 47, 55, 95, 123-126, 163
business principles, 126
BWC. See Biological Weapons Convention
Cairo Conference on Population and Development, 209
Cambodia, 12, 17, 20, 21, 27, 40, 46, 61, 63, 123, 124, 130, 133, 146, 172, 178
Cameroon, 27, 61, 174
Canada, 6, 21, 42, 60, 66, 98, 108, 134, 143, 174
Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, 73
Cape Verde, 174
CARE. See Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere
Caribbean Community (CARICOM), 201
Caritas Internationalis (CI), 112, 167
Carnegie Corporation of New York, xi, xiv, 53, 182, 186
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 183
Carter Center, 51
Carter, Jimmy, 216
Caspian Sea, 89
Catholic Church. See Roman Catholic Church
Catholic Organizations for Charitable and Social Action, 112
Catholic Relief Services (CRS), 112, 113
CBW. See weapons, chemical or biological
cease-fire, 63, 107, 214
Central America, 130, 143, 177
CFE. See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
Chad, 12, 124, 170, 174, 178
Charter of Paris, 90, 219
Chechnya, 3, 12, 20, 24, 169, 170
Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute, 76
chemical weapons. See weapons, chemical; weapons of mass destruction
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 75, 76, 108, 167, 183, 207
child development, 119, 152
children, xv, 4, 10, 14, 17, 20, 84, 85, 112, 120, 127, 131, 152, 153, 155, 160, 163, 168, 173, 183, 215
Chile, 95-97, 174
China. See People's Republic of China
church opposition to repression, 115, 117
CI. See Caritas Internationalis
CIS. See Commonwealth of Independent States
civil-military relations, 208
civil society, xii, xv, 13, 16, 30, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 47, 95, 96, 102, 105, 109-111, 114, 125, 139, 148, 151, 163, 198
civil war, 6, 11, 20, 78, 82, 93-95, 100, 106, 107, 116
Clinton, William J., 34, 204
Clinton administration, 142, 200
coalitions, 40, 53, 100, 104, 108, 110, 173, 200, 203, 210
COCOM. See Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls
Code of Conduct. See International Code of Conduct on Arms Transfers
Cold War, xiv, 3, 11, 21, 25-27, 29, 61, 74, 79, 91, 101, 119, 122, 129, 145, 146, 158, 181, 208
Collective Measures Committee. See United Nations Collective Measures Committee
collective security, 91, 93, 129, 130, 164, 172
Colombia, 12, 124, 143, 174
COMESCA. See Community for Eastern and Southern Africa
Commission on Global Governance, 135, 136, 140, 183, 184
Commission on Radio and Television Policy, 216
Committee on International Security and Arms Control. See National Academy of Sciences
Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials. See Argentinean-Brazilian Agency for Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 41, 42, 167
Community for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESCA), 201
Community of Sant'Egidio, 116
complacency, xiii, 11, 13, 22, 165
complex emergencies, 21, 109, 112, 113, 139, 180, 200
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 71, 108, 167
conditionality, 52, 57
Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), 90, 148, 167, 168, 170. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
confidence building, 50, 77, 79, 81, 147, 149, 172, 173, 207, 208, 212
conflict, xi-xiv, 195, 196, 198, 202, 204-206, 208, 212-216
causes of, 11, 25-30, 84, 101, 144
cost of, 9, 19
emerging, xiii, xv, 125
interstate, xiii
intrastate, xiii, 26- 28, 60, 81, 84, 92, 93, 106,
112, 130, 136
management of, 153
maritime, 60, 61 regional, 89, 139, 171, 172
resolution of, 25, 51, 93, 106, 113, 119, 120, 122,123, 151-155, 159, 170, 180, 182, 187, 198, 202, 205, 213-215
role of outsiders, 39, 41, 45, 136
violent, xiii, 3, 8, 13, 16, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 29, 30, 35, 43, 62, 63, 75, 77, 84, 93, 105, 106, 113, 125, 147, 149, 162
conflict resolution. See conflict, resolution of
Congo. See Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo
Congress of South African Trade Unions, 110, 212
constituency, 163-165
constituency building, 165
constructive engagement, 134, 212
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, 132
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage, and Registration of Marriages, 132
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, 132
Convention on the Nationality of Married Women, 132
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity, 132
Convention on the Political Rights of Women, 132
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 4, 132
Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 132
Convention on the Rights of the Child, 132
Convention on the Rights of Migrant Workers and the Members of Their Families, 132
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, 132
Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 132
Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty. See Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
conventional weapons. See weapons, conventional
cooperation, xv, 11, 20, 22, 36, 37, 54-58, 64, 78, 109, 119, 129, 149, 155, 193-195, 199-203, 212, 216
government-NGO, 109
international, 54, 193
regional, 145, 162
Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere (CARE), xii, 21, 42, 112, 113, 167
cooperative security, 164, 184
Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR), 72, 167. See also Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act.
Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 77, 167
coordination, 41, 76, 113
corruption, 98, 115
Corrymeela Community, 114
cost of conflict. See conflict, cost of
cost of prevention. See prevention, cost of
Costa Rica, 78, 96, 169, 174, 177
Côte d'Ivoire, 22, 106, 107
Council of Europe, 92
European Court of Human Rights, 92
coup d'état, 33-35, 107, 171, 172, 198
Court of Conciliation and Arbitration, 93, 170. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe.
crisis management, 201
Croatia, 12, 21, 27, 28, 124
CRS. See Catholic Relief Services
CSCE. See Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe
CTBT. See Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
CTR. See Cooperative Threat Reduction Program
Cuba, 174
cultural autonomy, 98
culture of peace, 155
culture of prevention, xiv, 127, 151, 164
CWC. See Chemical Weapons Convention
cycle of violence, 36. See also violence.
Cyprus, 42, 60, 63, 65, 102, 130, 182, 184
Czech Republic, 18, 95, 171, 174, 197, 208
Czechoslovakia, 174, 197
Dallaire, Romeo, 6, 191, 198
de Klerk, F.W., 31-33, 158, 159
decision making, 47, 120, 148, 160, 161, 169, 201
defense, 29, 71, 75, 76, 171, 208, 212. self, 206
democracies, xiii, xiv, 13, 53, 106, 123, 145, 158, 165
emerging, 53
established, 158, 180
democracy, xiii, 31, 32, 34, 81, 94-96, 100, 106, 109, 110, 117, 123, 127, 145, 193, 195, 198, 212, 215
"Democracy at First Hand," 123
democratic governance, 27, 81, 105, 157, 169
Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), 27, 58, 80
Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire), 5, 12, 15, 22, 61, 108, 116, 124, 143, 167
democratic states. See states, democratic
democratization, 9, 11, 39, 57, 96, 123, 159, 217
demographic pressures, 44, 196
Denmark, 64, 66, 96, 174, 205
Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA). See United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs
desegregation, 126
Desert Storm. See Operation Desert Storm
deterrence, 74, 91, 95
developing world, 17, 87
development, xii-xv, 83-85, 142-146, 167, 168, 172, 173, 196, 200, 206, 209, 213
assistance, 21, 57, 83, 88, 89, 143, 200
economic, 11, 44, 86, 162, 196
political, 218
sustainable, 87, 146
DHA. See United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs
dialogue, 31, 36, 37, 48-53, 101, 116, 117, 130, 147-149, 169-172, 197, 202
organizations, 172
diplomacy, 48-52, 56, 198, 200-202
multitrack, 52
preventive, 40, 48, 51, 52, 91, 93, 139, 147,
148, 151, 170, 198, 200
Track Two, 50, 52, 113, 202
disarmament, 131, 138, 206
conventional, 77
nuclear, 3, 74
dispute resolution, 36, 37, 52, 57, 59-61, 69, 90, 93, 94, 107, 131, 153, 170-173, 205
divided societies, 113
Djibouti, 174
Dominican Republic, 177
early action, 9, 48, 148, 191, 200
early response, 43, 133
early warning, 19, 40, 43-48, 64, 91, 108, 113, 125, 137, 139, 148, 158, 170, 196, 213
East-West cooperation, 148
ECOMOG. See Economic Community of West African States
economic,
deterioration, 151
development, 11, 44, 86, 145, 155, 162, 173, 196
disparity, 13
distress, 44
growth, 14, 16, 32, 79, 84-87, 144-146, 171
integration, xii
prosperity, 82
sanctions, 32, 54-56, 202, 203
Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), 107, 167, 171, 201
ECOWAS Monitoring Group (ECOMOG), 41, 167, 171
Ecuador, 26, 27, 174
education, xii, 13, 19, 32, 42, 83-86, 89, 98, 99, 110, 113, 116, 120, 123, 127, 131, 153-155, 164, 165, 170, 180, 215, 216
educational institutions. See institutions, educational
educators, 127
Egypt, 81, 143, 173, 174, 177
El Salvador, 12, 78, 82, 93, 95, 124, 134, 170, 174, 177, 178
elections, 13, 32, 63, 64, 68, 78, 96, 97, 113, 115, 117, 123, 127, 130, 142, 148, 171, 172, 198
electoral assistance, 96
elimination of nuclear weapons, 71, 72
embargo, 28, 64, 171
emergence of violence. See violence, emergence of
emergency humanitarian assistance, 41
emergency relief, 112, 145
emerging democracies. See democracies, emerging
emerging markets. See markets, emerging
engagement, 7, 31-33, 35, 40, 42, 48-50, 59, 63, 90, 108, 113, 114, 125, 129, 133, 134, 142-144, 163, 171, 212
environment, 13, 15, 86, 111, 125, 131, 162, 173, 209, 216
environmental degradation, 22, 87, 133, 151, 193, 194
environmental stress, 15
envoys, 48, 50, 133, 138, 139, 148, 201
Equilibre, 112
equity, 69, 86, 87, 162
Eritrea, 12, 21, 61, 95, 146, 197, 206
Estonia, 41, 170, 171, 174, 208
Ethiopia, 15, 22, 95, 108, 143, 174, 217
ethnic conflict, 50, 64, 100, 155, 200, 201, 210, 216
ethnic diversity, 25
ethnic divisions, 100
ethnic groups, 6, 28, 44
ethnic relations, 53
ethnic solidarity, 28
ethnic violence. See violence, ethnic
ethnocentrism, xii, 119, 153, 154
EU. See European Union
Europe, 21, 27, 31, 33, 36, 41, 50, 51, 53, 77, 78, 81, 92, 93, 95, 100, 122, 143, 146-148, 161, 162, 167-171, 197, 199, 201, 202, 205, 208, 209, 217, 219
European Court of Human Rights. See Council of Europe
European Parliament, 171
European Union (EU), 21, 59, 64, 78, 79, 121, 147, 162, 167, 168, 171, 201, 205
expenditures,
education, 19, 89
health, 19, 89
military, 19, 89
exports, 56, 86
weapons, 18
external factors, 30
external threats, 81
factions, 27, 41, 51, 105, 114, 116
FAO. See United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization
financial flows, 15
financial institutions. See institutions, financial
Finland, 64, 96, 175, 207, 208
fissile materials, 70-72
forceful measures, 54, 59-63, 170, 171, 174
Former Soviet Union (FSU), 19, 26, 72, 93, 100, 167, 169, 195, 207, 215-217
France, 5, 18, 134, 143, 171, 175, 185, 198, 207
freedom, 13, 90, 98, 102, 118, 129, 142, 153, 170, 204, 213
FSU. See Former Soviet Union
Fund for Preventive Action, 48, 138, 139
Gambia, 171
Gandhi, Mohandas, 126, 127
Gaza, 92, 177
General Assembly. See United Nations General Assembly
Geneva Agreed Framework, 58
Geneva Conventions, 92
Article Three, 92
genocide, xiii, xiv, 3, 5, 6, 11, 28, 29, 39, 45, 96, 131, 132, 158
German Democratic Republic (GDR), 117, 175, 185
Germany, 18, 22, 75, 95, 117, 123, 142, 143, 157, 158, 171, 197, 207, 212
Ghana, 12, 95, 171, 175
glasnost, 122
global ethic, 118, 214
global markets. See markets, global
globalization, 79, 86
good governance, 82, 88, 89, 145, 172, 204
good offices, 48, 51, 116, 138, 148, 170, 172, 177, 192
Gorbachev, Mikhail, 33-35, 70, 104, 122, 127, 156, 159, 197
governance, 13, 22, 27, 30, 57, 59, 63, 70, 81, 82,
88-90, 95, 105, 135, 136, 140, 145, 151, 157, 169, 172, 183, 184, 203
grass roots, 35, 113, 114, 214
Greece, 26, 27, 64, 93, 175
Groups of Friends of the Secretary-General, 134
Grozny, 24, 25
Guatemala, 12, 22, 39, 51, 82, 124, 134, 170, 175, 177, 198
Guinea, 22, 107, 171, 175
Guinea-Bissau, 61, 175, 206
Gulf Cooperation Council, 147, 149, 201
Gulf War. See Persian Gulf War
Guyana, 175
The Hague, 77, 91
Haiti, 12, 15, 63, 95, 134, 168, 170, 178, 179
health, xii, xv, 8, 11, 13, 14, 19, 20, 22, 75, 83-86, 89, 109-112, 119, 126, 130, 131, 157, 163, 164, 168, 216
Helsinki Accords, 90
High Commissioner on National Minorities, 50, 147, 148, 170. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Honduras, 175, 177
human rights, xiii, 4, 13, 21, 28, 29, 32, 35, 44, 50, 64, 78, 79, 90-94, 96-99, 105, 108, 109, 113-118, 122, 123, 129-132, 136, 137, 139, 142, 145, 148, 157, 164, 165, 168-173, 198, 203, 204, 209, 210
instruments, 132
promotion of, 99
Human Rights Watch/Africa, 4
humanitarian aid, 6, 90, 108, 135, 136
humanitarian groups, 47, 112
humanitarian intervention. See humanitarian aid
humanity, xii, xiv, xv, 102, 111, 119, 215
Hungary, 53, 95, 171, 175, 205, 208
Hutu, 4-6, 39
IAEA. See International Atomic Energy Agency
IBRD. See International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICBM. See Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
ICJ. See International Court of Justice
ICRC. See International Committee of the Red Cross
IDPs. See internally displaced persons
IFIs. See international financial institutions
IMF. See International Monetary Fund
incentives, 40, 50, 54, 201
India, 16, 22, 26, 27, 96, 98, 124-126, 143, 173, 175, 177, 207, 212
India-Pakistan Agreement on Chemical Weapons, 207
indicators of states at risk, 44
Indonesia, 88, 124, 143, 173, 175
inducements, 52, 56-58, 125, 146, 151, 202
information technology, 15, 16, 111
Institute for Multi-Track Diplomacy, 51
institutions, xi-xiii, xv, 25, 35, 37, 39, 62, 86, 89, 94-96, 98, 99, 108, 109, 113, 114, 119, 132, 137, 146, 148, 151-155, 168, 196, 208, 214, 215, 217
educational, 96, 98, 120, 152, 153, 155
financial, 15, 57, 95, 145
political, 26, 196
religious, xiii, 22, 47, 96, 114, 117, 153
intelligence, 43, 58, 66, 76
Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 92, 170
Inter-Religious Council, 115
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM), 167, 172
interdependence, 111, 162
intergroup behavior, 152
internal conflict. See conflict, intrastate
internally displaced persons (IDPs), 3, 113, 131, 167
International Alert, 51
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 58, 167, 216
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), 21, 89, 130, 143,145, 146, 164
International Bill of Rights. See United Nations International Bill of Rights
international business, 55, 123, 125
International Code of Conduct on Arms Transfers (Code of Conduct), 78, 213
International Coffee Agreement, 45
International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 21, 42, 112, 167
international community, xiii, 4, 5, 22, 29, 32, 33, 35, 39-42, 46, 47, 57-59, 63-65, 73, 75, 76, 83, 89-91, 101, 106, 118, 123, 127, 129, 134, 135, 138, 141, 151, 153, 155, 157, 159, 162
International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports, 132
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 132
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, 132
international cooperation, 13, 54, 125, 162, 193, 219
International Court of Justice (ICJ), 69, 93, 167, 206
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 90, 132
International Crisis Group, 51, 213
international engagement, 31-33, 35, 142, 143
international financial institutions (IFIs), 57, 95, 145, 146
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (International IDEA), 96, 167
international law, 60, 62, 90, 92, 135, 142, 206
International Monetary Fund (IMF), 130, 131, 145, 146, 164, 167, 216
International Negotiation Network, 51
International Organization for Migration (IOM), 41, 167
international regimes, 36, 37, 60, 69, 80, 205
International Rescue Committee (IRC), 112, 152, 167
international response. See response, international
international responsibility. See responsibility, international
international sanctions. See sanctions, international
international security. See security, international
international tribunal, 61, 95
Internet, 15, 52, 119
Internews Network, 215
intervention, 5-8, 26, 28, 30, 62, 65, 82, 95, 133, 136, 164, 170
investments, 9, 55, 85, 89, 126, 160, 203
IOM. See International Organization for Migration
Iran, 22, 27, 143, 175, 177
Iraq, 12, 20, 27, 104, 124, 138, 143, 177, 178
IRC. See International Rescue Committee
Ireland, 108, 175
Irish Concern, 112
Ismail, Tansri Razali, 140
Israel, 18, 27, 34, 81, 177
Italy, 18, 123, 143, 175
Jamaica, 175
Japan, 21, 36, 60, 142, 143, 175, 205
Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula, 58
Jordan, 22, 175, 177
justice, xv, 69, 70, 82, 83, 89, 90, 93-95, 97, 98, 102, 115, 118, 151, 157, 165, 206, 213, 216
Karabakh Armenians, 101
Kashmir, 12, 26
Kazakstan, 72, 143, 208
Kenya, 57, 111, 175, 203, 204
Kigali, 6, 39
kin populations, 101
King, Martin L., Jr., 126, 127
Korea, North. See Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Korea, South. See Republic of Korea
Kosovo, 64, 116
Kurdistan, 28, 168, 195
Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK), 28
Kurds, 17
Kuwait, 11, 20, 138, 175, 178, 204
La Francophonie, 147, 201
labor, 14, 20, 35, 84, 110, 111, 127, 212, 213, 216
strikes, 127
Lagos, Treaty of, 171
land mines, 17
law, 7, 37, 60-63, 65, 69, 70, 81, 89, 90, 92, 94-96, 98, 100, 105, 113, 115, 116, 127, 135, 142, 157, 158, 170, 172, 196, 204, 206
maritime, 60, 61
leaders, xi, xiii, xiv, 3, 4, 6, 9, 13, 22, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32, 33, 35, 40, 42, 43, 45-47, 49, 50, 52-56, 64, 70, 95, 100-102, 105-107, 109, 110, 113-118, 121, 125, 127, 135, 151, 153, 154, 156-165, 169, 171, 197, 201
political, 100, 156
reliance on force, 156
religious, 45, 47, 110, 114, 116-118, 151, 153
role in preventing or causing conflict, 22, 25, 27,
29, 30, 40, 42, 43, 45, 49, 50, 52-56, 100,
105, 107, 109, 113, 127, 135, 151, 154, 157,
159, 160-165
leadership, xiii, xiv, 29-34, 40, 41, 52, 53, 110, 113-117, 126, 154-160, 162, 164, 165, 196, 198
Lebanon, 11, 12, 21, 22, 82, 100, 124, 146, 177
legitimacy, 7, 54, 62, 66, 95, 98, 106, 113-116, 127, 133, 146, 160
Libya, 143, 170, 178
living standards, 22, 83, 86, 144, 173
local elections, 32
local solutions, 45, 105
Lutheran World Federation (LWF), 112, 167
Macedonia, 38, 39, 64, 65, 93, 178, 200, 208
Malawi, 15, 57, 95, 175
Mali, 175, 203
Mandela, Nelson, 31-33, 127, 158, 159
Manila, 115
Marcos, Ferdinand, 115
markets, xiii, 14-16, 19, 57, 75, 86, 111, 123, 145, 146, 170, 172, 215
emerging, 14, 16
global, 15
Marshall Plan of the Mind Trust, 123
martial law, 115, 127
mass violence. See violence, mass
Mauritania, 170
MCI. See Mercy Corps International
Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, and Resolution (MCPMR), 166, 167. See also Organization of African Unity
Médecins du Monde (MDM), 112, 167
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 112, 167
media, xiii, xiv, 11, 22, 35, 43, 45, 47, 53, 96, 120-123, 151, 153, 154, 157, 163, 198, 215-217
mediation, 25, 50, 51, 60, 90, 93, 106, 113, 117, 134, 139, 148, 170, 172, 192, 210
Mercado Común del Sur (MERCOSUR), 59, 147, 167, 172, 201
Mercy Corps International (MCI), 112, 167
Mexico, 16, 125, 143, 150, 175
Miami Summit of the Americas, 169
Middle East, 26, 27, 50, 75, 89, 130, 143, 217
migration, 42, 167
military,
force, 39, 76
rule, 95
strategy, 54
threats, 80-82
minority groups, 100, 153
minority populations, 29
minority rights, 53, 147
Mobutu, Sese Seko, 5
modernization, 71
monetary policies, 27
monitoring, 50, 53, 54, 56, 60, 61, 63, 64, 75, 107, 112, 121, 126, 130, 137, 167, 168, 171, 212, 213
Montenegro, 64, 80
Morocco, 175
Moscow Independent Broadcasting Corporation, 216
Mozambique, 20, 61, 78, 82, 93, 95, 116, 167, 178
MSF. See Médecins Sans Frontières
multilateral response. See response, multilateral
multinational corporations, 123
multinational operations, 66
multitrack diplomacy. See diplomacy, multitrack
mutual accommodation, 50, 119, 120, 215
mutual aid ethic, 120
NAFTA. See North American Free Trade Agreement
Nagorno-Karabakh, 101
Nairobi Peace Initiative, 111
NAM. See Nonaligned Movement
NAMFREL. See National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections
Namibia, 63, 95, 96, 175, 177
National Academy of Sciences, Committee on International Security and Arms Control, 70
national capacity building, 202
National Citizens' Movement for Free Elections (NAMFREL), 115
National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation in Chile, 97
national interests, 3, 7, 49, 69, 91, 93, 161, 162
National Party (NP), 31, 110, 168
national security, 87, 93
nationalism, 101, 154
NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty Organization
negotiation, 31, 32, 50, 51, 58, 60, 71, 76, 87, 94, 106, 116, 148, 192, 197, 206, 208, 213
neighboring states, 55, 64, 147
Nepal, 175
Netherlands, 18, 66, 96, 108, 175
New Zealand, 175
NGOs. See nongovernmental organizations
Nicosia, 102
Niger, 175
Nigeria, 12, 27, 61, 107, 124, 143, 171, 172, 175
Nobel Peace Prize, 33, 119, 169
Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), 58, 73, 74, 168, 215
Nonaligned Movement (NAM), 168, 173
nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), xiii, 20, 21, 40-42, 45-47, 49, 50, 64, 95-97, 99, 108, 109, 111, 114, 137, 141, 151, 152, 155, 168, 172, 200, 213, 214
nonviolent resistance, 117, 126, 127
NORDEM. See Norwegian Resource Bank for Democracy and Human Rights
NOREPS. See Norwegian Emergency Preparedness System
norms, xiii, 63, 69, 82, 90, 92, 94, 105, 106, 113, 114, 118, 139, 159, 162, 169
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 59, 147, 167
North Atlantic Alliance, 81
North Atlantic Council, 80
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 5, 77-81, 147, 164, 167-169, 171, 201, 208, 212, 219
Coordinating Committee on Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 77, 167
North Korea. See Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Northern Ireland, 8, 114, 214
Norway, 48, 64, 66, 96, 108, 139, 175, 207
Norwegian Emergency Preparedness System (NOREPS), 109, 168
Norwegian Resource Bank for Democracy and Human Rights (NORDEM), 109, 168
NP. See National Party
NPT. See Non-Proliferation Treaty
nuclear proliferation, 19, 57, 70
nuclear weapons. See weapons, nuclear
Nunn-Lugar program. See Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act
OAS. See Organization of American States
OAU. See Organization of African Unity
ODIHR. See Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights
OECD. See Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), 148, 168. See also Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe
Ogata, Sadako, 131, 137
OIC. See Organization of the Islamic Conference
Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC), 201
Operation Desert Storm, 20
operational prevention, xv, 37, 39, 40, 43, 64, 161. See also prevention.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 20, 168, 194, 200
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE, formerly CSCE), 41, 50, 78, 81, 93, 147-149, 168, 170, 199, 201, 219
Organization of African Unity (OAU), 5, 39, 147, 167, 168, 170, 196, 198, 201, 196, 198, 201, 219
Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution (MCPMR), 166, 167, 170
Organization of American States (OAS), 39, 92, 147, 168-170, 198, 201, 219
Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), 147, 149, 168, 201
organizations, xi-xiii, xv, 4, 9, 21, 32, 33, 35, 51, 56, 66, 108, 110, 113, 114, 119, 130, 153, 163, 169-172, 195, 201, 205, 208, 212, 213
civic, 110
dialogue, 37, 53, 69, 78, 129, 130, 172-173
economic, 94, 147, 171
intergovernmental, xii, xv, 53, 105, 109, 113, 114
international, 37, 41, 44, 49, 50, 56, 82, 102, 105,
127, 133
multilateral, 164
regional, xiii, 47, 50, 59, 62, 81, 90, 137,
146-149, 151, 207, 210
security, 147, 169
Oslo agreements, 51
Owen, David, 64, 202
Oxford Committee for Famine Relief (Oxfam), 42, 111-113, 168, 213
Pakistan, 22, 26, 27, 124, 143, 152, 174-177, 207, 212
Palestine, 63, 112, 168
Panama, 176
Papua New Guinea, 15
Paraguay, 147, 170, 172
Paris, 203, 219
Parliament of the World's Religions, 214
participatory governance, 90, 94, 95
Partnership for Peace (PFP), 80, 81, 168, 169, 208, 212
peace building, 137, 144
peace enforcement, 6, 59, 139, 171
peace process, 4, 50, 107, 108, 134
peaceful transitions, 31-35
South Africa, 31-33
Russia, 33-35
peacekeeping, 4, 7, 17, 39, 60, 61, 64-65, 130, 134, 139, 140, 142-144, 171, 172, 208, 217
peacekeeping missions, 63, 174, 177-179
peacemaking, 137, 144
People's Republic of China (PRC), 16, 18, 22, 26, 27, 60, 115, 117, 143, 174, 207, 212
PER. See Project on Ethnic Relations
perestroika, 197
Persian Gulf War, 12, 40
personal envoys, 139
Peru, 12, 26, 27, 124, 143, 170, 176
PFP. See Partnership for Peace
Philippines, 60, 117, 124, 126, 176
Pinochet, Augusto, 97
PKK. See Kurdistan Worker's Party
pluralism, 99, 123, 163
Poland, 95, 125, 127, 143, 171, 176, 208
policing, 63, 65
political,
development, 218
institutions. See institutions, political
oppression, 35, 144
parties, 96, 115
violence, 11, 32
will, 66, 90, 113, 134, 149, 163
population, 11, 12, 15, 26, 32, 35, 41, 42, 43, 53, 86, 101, 102, 131, 142-144, 193, 216
population growth, 9, 14, 19, 29, 87, 151
Portugal, 96, 176
post-Cold War, 25, 200, 203
poverty, 14, 22, 84-86, 89, 110, 169, 197, 215
power sharing, 33, 50, 82, 95, 100, 201
press, freedom of the, 35, 113, 117
prevention, xi-xv, 3, 4, 6, 7-9, 21, 22, 25, 29, 35-37, 43, 66, 73, 74, 91, 93, 97, 105-111, 113, 114, 119, 122, 125, 127, 130, 131, 135, 136, 139, 141, 142, 146, 147, 151, 153-157, 163-165, 169-171, 212, 215, 216
cost of, 9
operational, xv, 37, 39, 40, 43, 161
strategies for, 37
structural, xv, 37, 67, 69, 83, 88, 162
preventive action, 3, 5, 7, 8, 44, 45, 47, 49, 57, 63, 105, 108, 110, 113, 125, 131, 133, 137, 138, 147, 157, 159, 162, 163, 165, 169, 213
preventive defense, 212
preventive deployment, 37, 63-65, 168, 178, 204, 205, 217
preventive diplomacy, 40, 48, 51, 52, 91, 93, 139, 147, 148, 151,170, 198, 200. See also diplomacy
private sector, 9, 32, 41, 42, 46, 50, 55, 84, 89, 105, 108-111, 134, 139, 200, 203, 213
problem solving, 37, 114, 119, 121, 123, 202
Project on Ethnic Relations (PER), 53, 168
proliferation, xii, 19, 57, 58, 70-73, 79, 96, 138, 139, 168
Protocol of Washington, 170
Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 132
psychology of aggressive behavior, 119
public health, 8, 22, 75, 157, 163, 164
public opinion (U.S.), 164, 165
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, 119, 215
Quebec, 98, 211
radio, 35, 115, 121-123, 153, 216, 217
Radio Veritas, 115
rapid reaction, 6, 7, 65, 130, 205
rapid reaction capability, 7, 65, 66, 108, 121, 137
rapid reaction force, 5, 66
Reagan, Ronald, 70, 104, 156, 159
reciprocity, xv, 75
reconciliation, xv, 32, 37, 53, 90, 95-97, 113, 114, 117, 158, 169, 181, 214
reconstruction, 5, 20, 21, 74, 95, 105, 113, 145, 146, 162, 214
postconflict, 5, 20, 105, 145, 146, 162
Red Crescent Movement, 112
refugee camps, 4, 131
refugee movements, 44, 91, 196
refugees, 3-6, 20, 27, 41, 42, 112, 128, 131-133, 137, 168, 182, 187, 199
regional conflict. See conflict, regional
regional cooperation. See cooperation, regional
regional organizations. See organizations, regional
regional security. See security, regional
religion, 157, 102, 118, 153, 214
religious advocacy, 115
religious community, 116
religious institutions. See institutions, religious
repression, 29, 31, 95, 97, 115, 127
Republic of Congo, 12, 39, 61, 124, 143, 174, 177, 198, 200
Republic of Korea (ROK), 27, 58
resources, xi, 200, 214
depletion of, 27, 87
scarce, 15
response, xiii
early, 40, 43, 133
international, 21, 42, 138
multilateral, 63
responsibility,
international, 135, 164
of states, 105
of the United Nations, 136
to act, 105
Revolutionary United Front (RUF), 106, 168
Richardson, William, 142
Rio Group, 207
risk factors, xi, xiii
rivalries, 27
rogue states. See states, rogue
role of outsiders in exacerbating conflict. See conflict, role of outsiders
Roman Catholic Church, 115
Romania, 53, 171, 176, 205, 208
root causes, 69, 137, 151, 170
RPF. See Rwandan Patriotic Front
RUF. See Revolutionary United Front
rule of law, 37, 65, 70, 90, 94, 100, 105, 113, 116, 172, 196, 204
Russia, 18, 25, 28, 34, 72, 73, 75, 76, 89, 101, 123, 124, 207, 208
Russian Federation, 22, 53, 143, 176
Rwanda, xiv, 3-6, 11, 12, 21, 29, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 48, 61, 63, 95, 121, 122, 124, 129, 133, 146, 192, 198, 200
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), 4, 45, 168
SAARC. See South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SADC. See Southern African Development Community
SADCC. See Southern African Development Coordination Conference
safe drinking water, 15
safe havens, 28, 131
Sahara, 63, 134, 170
SAM. See Sanctions Assistance Monitoring Teams
sanctions, 37, 40, 52-59, 64, 77, 121, 125, 131, 134, 139, 172, 202, 203
economic, 32, 54-56, 202, 203
international, 32, 126, 202, 203
regimes, 52-55
unilateral, 203
Sanctions Assistance Monitoring Teams (SAM), 53, 168
Santiago Commitment, 169
Saudi Arabia, 22, 75, 143, 176
Save the Children Federation (SCF), 112
SCCC. See Common System of Accounting and Control of Nuclear Materials
science and technology, 82, 86, 139, 155, 173
scientific community, xiii, 118, 119, 125
security, xv, 37, 58-67, 69, 70, 74, 78-82, 87, 90, 91, 100, 102, 124, 151, 156, 157, 162, 164, 165, 167-173, 177, 180-186, 212, 217-221
international, 60, 136, 207, 212, 215, 219, 220
national, 87, 93, 220
regional, 147
Security Council. See United Nations Security Council
Senegal, 61, 170, 176, 206
Serbia, 27, 64, 80
Serrano, Jorge, 39, 198
Sierra Leone, 12, 15, 107, 121, 124, 171, 173, 176
Singapore, 176, 219
Slavery Convention of 1926, 132
Slovakia, 53, 171, 197, 205, 208
small arms, 75, 77, 78
social justice, 83, 98, 115, 123, 165, 213
solidarity, 28, 118, 125, 127
South Africa, 12, 16, 29-33, 78, 81, 95, 96, 98, 110, 111, 117, 124, 126, 143, 158, 172, 197, 212
South Asia. See Asia
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), 168, 173, 201
South China Sea, 60
South Korea. See Republic of Korea
Southeast Asia. See Asia
Southern Africa. See Africa
Southern African Development Community (SADC), 149, 168, 172, 201
Southern African Development Coordination Conference (SADCC), 168, 172
Southern Common Market. See Mercado Común del Sur
sovereignty, 7, 61, 87, 113, 129, 135, 136, 170, 192
Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act, 72
Soviet Union, 19, 26, 30, 32-35, 72, 74, 93, 100, 101, 127, 156, 169, 176, 195, 207, 215-217
Spain, 60, 96, 123, 176
special representatives, 130, 133, 138, 139
spending. See expenditures
spillover effects, 27, 101
Sri Lanka. 124, 176
Stability Pact, 171
Stabilization Force (SFOR), 168, 169
START. See Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
states, 6, 7, 13-15, 17, 19-21, 26-28, 37, 40, 41, 44, 45, 47-49, 52, 53, 57, 59, 61, 62, 63, 69-71, 74-85, 87, 89-95, 100, 101, 105-109, 111, 129-131,
133-136, 140-149, 158, 159, 162, 169-173, 196, 205, 206, 207, 208
at risk, 44
democratic, 94
rogue, 76, 111
threshold, 57
stereotypes, 120, 122, 153
stockpiles, 19, 75
Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), 168
START I, 73
START II, 73
strategies for prevention. See prevention, strategies for
strategy, 30, 47, 49, 53-55, 62, 65, 76, 134, 164, 165, 197, 200, 212
structural adjustment, 88
structural prevention. See prevention, structural
sub-Saharan Africa. See Africa
Sudan, 12, 20, 22, 82, 124, 176
Sullivan, Leon H., 126
Sullivan Principles, 126
supranationalism, 129
Supreme Soviet, 122
sustainable development. See development,
sustainable
Sweden, 64, 96, 176, 208
Swedish Foreign Ministry, 108
Switzerland, 98, 100, 176, 208
Syria, 22, 27, 28, 177, 195
Tajikistan, 12, 51, 124, 170, 178
Tamil, 12
Tanzania, 4, 15, 22, 95, 98, 176
technical assistance, 53, 89, 111, 113, 146
technology, xii, 9, 13, 15, 16, 52, 56, 58, 76-78, 82, 87, 111, 119, 173, 182, 184, 204, 205, 208, 213, 217
television, 35, 121, 123, 215-217
terrorism, xiv, 3, 16, 19, 28, 70, 76, 78, 81, 82, 84, 162, 173
Thailand, 126, 176
threat reduction, 72
threshold states. See states, threshold
Timor, East, 12
Togo, 176
Tokyo, 17
Track Two diplomacy. See diplomacy, Track Two
trade, 11, 15, 32, 44, 50, 55-58, 69, 93, 110, 125, 201, 203, 205, 207, 212, 216
trade embargo, 171. See also sanctions.
training, 51, 52, 58, 66, 76, 78, 89, 108, 126, 139, 170, 173, 207, 208, 212-216, 219
transparency, 75, 77-79, 204, 207, 208, 212
treaties, 58, 69, 74, 76, 93, 105
Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), 77, 167
tribunals, 95
truth commissions, 97
Tunisia, 176
Turkey, 26-28, 95, 101, 124, 143, 176
Turkmenistan, 208
Tutsi, 4, 6, 39
Tutu, Desmond, 110, 117
Uganda, 4, 12, 15, 22, 95, 124, 178
Ukraine, 36, 72, 143, 170, 176, 208
UN. See United Nations
UNAMIR. See United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda
UNCIVPOL. See United Nations Civilian Police
UNDP. See United Nations Development Program
UNESCO. See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNFICYP. See United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus
UNHCR. See United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF. See United Nations Children's Fund
unions, 32, 35, 110, 111, 125, 127, 212
Unit for the Promotion of Democracy (UPD), 168, 170
United Democratic Front, 110
United Kingdom (UK), 5, 18, 76, 98, 123, 143, 172, 176, 207
United Nations (UN), xiii, 4-7, 28, 32, 47, 53-55, 60-67, 82, 90, 91, 96, 106, 109, 112, 114, 123, 129, 130, 133-149, 151, 153-155, 164, 167, 168, 191, 192, 198-202, 204-206, 209, 213, 216-219
budget, 135
reform, 136-143
United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR), 4, 6, 168, 178, 191
United Nations Charter, 6, 55, 59-61, 63, 90, 91, 133, 136, 139, 142, 145-147, 206, 219
Article 50, 55
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 112, 130, 131, 135, 139, 168, 216
United Nations Civilian Police (UNCIVPOL), 64, 168
United Nations Collective Measures Committee, 139, 202
United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA), 112, 167, 216
United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 130, 139, 168
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), 155, 168, 216
United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 167, 216
United Nations General Assembly, 130, 139, 140, 201, 206, 219
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), 20, 29, 41, 42, 112, 130, 131, 139, 168, 199, 200, 216
United Nations International Bill of Rights, 90
United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 90, 132
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 132
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 132
United Nations International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, 90, 132
United Nations Military Observers (UNMOs), 64
United Nations Mission in Haiti (UNMIH), 168, 178
United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), 42, 168, 177
United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP), 64, 168, 178
United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 64, 133, 168, 178
United Nations Register of Conventional Arms, 75, 77-79
United Nations Relief Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), 112, 168
United Nations Secretary-General, 48, 130, 131, 134, 138, 139, 192
friends of, 134
special representatives of, 130, 133, 138, 139
United Nations Security Council, 4-7, 11, 39, 42, 45, 47, 49, 54, 59, 61-67, 75, 129-131, 133, 134, 136-143, 192, 204, 219
reform, 140, 143
United Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), 63, 168, 177
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), 63, 123, 168, 178
United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 90, 145, 219
United States (U.S.), 5, 18, 19, 21, 25, 45, 58, 60, 64, 66, 67, 72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 89, 98, 108, 121-123, 134, 142, 143, 164, 165, 168, 176, 197, 199-210, 212, 214, 216-218
public opinion, 164, 165
United States Army, 6
UNMIH. See United Nations Mission in Haiti
UNMO. See United Nations Military Observers
UNPREDEP. See United Nations Preventive Deployment Force
UNPROFOR. See United Nations Protection Force
UNRWA. See United Nations Relief Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
UNTAC. See United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
UNTAG. See United Nations Transition Assistance Group
UPD. See Unit for the Promotion of Democracy
urbanization, 14, 15
Uruguay, 172, 176
U.S. See United States
U.S. Department of Defense, 72
Vance, Cyrus R., 64, 202
Venezuela, 143, 176, 205
verification, 71, 74, 77, 207
verification system, 77
violence, xii-xv, 5, 12, 17, 20-22, 26, 32, 39-41, 43-49, 57, 59, 61, 62, 65, 67, 73, 81, 84, 86, 92-94, 101, 102, 105-108, 113-115, 119, 120, 123, 125, 127, 129-131, 134, 136, 142, 149, 151-155, 158, 191
emergence of, 49, 118
escalation of, 9
ethnic, 196
incipient, 59, 107, 108, 136, 149
internal, 28, 69, 70, 82
intrastate. See conflict, intrastate
mass, xi, xii, xv, 3, 4, 7, 9, 13, 25, 27, 29, 30, 32,
35, 36, 40, 52, 59, 87, 96, 101, 106, 110,
111, 117, 121, 129-131, 139, 145, 162
political, 11, 32, 49
spread of, 41
Voice of America (VOA), 122
Wales, 98
war, xi, xii, 4, 6, 9, 11, 12, 20, 25, 26, 66, 69, 78, 82, 106, 116, 121, 133, 144, 165, 200, 202, 203
interstate, xiii, 26, 80
intrastate. See conflict, intrastate
War Crimes Tribunal, 169
Warsaw Pact, 31, 34
Wassenaar Arrangement for Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies, 75, 77
water, 15
weapons, 3, 7, 16, 18, 19, 28, 29, 41, 133, 138, 142, 154, 167, 168, 204, 206, 212
biological, 17, 18, 72, 74-76, 156, 167, 194,
206, 207
chemical, 17, 18, 72, 74-76, 108, 168, 183,
206, 207
conventional, 16-18, 25, 75, 77-79, 138
of mass destruction, xii, 17, 70, 72, 76, 133,
142, 154, 212
nuclear, 3, 19, 57, 58, 70-74, 108, 119, 156,
206, 208, 215
West Bank, 22, 177
Western European Union (WEU), 147, 168, 171, 201
Western Sahara, 63, 134, 170
WEU. See Western European Union
WFP. See World Food Program
WHO. See World Health Organization
women, 13, 14, 17, 20, 43, 84, 85, 89, 118, 125, 131, 132, 216, 217
Worker's Defense Committee (KOR), 127
World Bank, 21, 89, 130, 143, 145, 146, 164
World Development Report, 86, 143, 145
world economy, 32
World Food Program (WFP), 112, 130, 168, 216
World Health Organization (WHO), 112, 130, 135, 168, 216
World Trade Organization (WTO), 59, 168, 216
World Vision, 112
World War II, 25, 36, 91, 131, 146, 157, 158, 162, 164
WTO. See World Trade Organization
Yaqub-Khan, Sahabzada, 141, 192
Yeltsin, Boris, 35
Yemen, 12, 61, 124, 163, 177, 206
Yugoslavia, 6, 22, 25, 53, 54, 64, 65, 80, 95, 115, 124, 146, 169, 170, 173, 176, 202
Zaire. See Democratic Republic of Congo
Zambia, 15